Control device for pneumatics.



F- CARNAHAN. CONTROL DEVICE FOR PNEUMATICS.

APPLICATION FILED DEC- 21, IQIS- Patented Dec. 31, 1918.

ATTORNEYS.

UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.

FRANK CARNAHAN, OF SOUTH BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS, ASSIGNOR TO EMERSONPIANO COMPANY, OF BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS, A CORPORATION OF ILLINOIS.

CONTROL DEVICE FOR PNEUMATICS.

Specification of Letters Patent.

Patented. Dec. 31', 1918.

Application filed December 21, 1 916. Serial n6. 138,144.

To all whom it may concern: r

Be it known that I, FRANK CARNAHAN', a citizen of the United States,residing at South Boston, in the county of Sufi'olk and State ofMassachusetts, have invented certain new and useful Improvementsin'Control Devices for Pneumatics; and I dohereby declare the followingto be a full, clear, and exact description of the invention, such aswill enable others skilled in the art to which it appertains to make anduse the same.

My invention consists in the novel features hereinafter described,reference being had to the accompanying drawing which illustrates oneembodiment of the invention selected by me for purposes of illustrationtogether with a modified formof the invention, and the said invention isfully disclosed at the same time preventing the POSSibility'f in thefollowing description and claims.

In the operation of pneumatics for effecting the operation of variousparts of a piano,

in a pneumatic piano player, difficulty i'sex-' perienced in securing aninstantaneous action of pneumatics of relatively large capacity, such asare employed for the purpose of producing, forexample, the loud and softeffects bythe operation of the hammer rail or rails or the dampersusually con trolled by the loud and soft pedals when the instrument isplayed by hand. Such actuating pneumatics are ordinarily connected atthe time ofuse with the suction apparat-us by means of secondarypneumatic devices controlling primary valve mechanisms which require anappreciable time for their. operation, and normally control such smallopenings or passages that the exhaustion of proved control devlce shown,1n this in- The object of my invention is to provide a novel controldevice, which may be operated manually or automatically from the trackerboard, and which will instantane' ously place in communication with thesuc-v tion apparatus of the player a relatively large passagecommunicating with the pneumatic to be actuated so as to secure an' inlstantaneous actuation of the latter, while small apertures.

of whistling or other noises, which frein Figures 1, 2 and 3 I haveshown an embodiment of the invention which may be conveniently employedfor the purpose of 'con trolling pneumatics operatively connected withth hammer rail or rails for the production of soft effectsundermanualcontrol. It is customary to form the hammer rail in two parts, one-ofwhich is supported in rear of the bass hammers, and the other of whichis supported in rear of the treble hammers, so that either section ofthe hammer rail can be operated separately, or both portions may beoperated simultaneously as desired. In this instance, therefore, I haveshown a duplex embodiment of my invention for the purpose ofindependently or simultaneously actuating the sections of the hammerrail. Referring to the drawing: Fig. 1 is a view partly in section of myimproved control device for pneumatics showing it applied to the controlof the pneumatics for operating the hammer rail or rails of a piano inconnection with a pneumatic player action.

Fig. 2 is a section on line 2-2 of Fig. 1. Fig. 3 is a section on line33 of Fig. 1. Fig. 4 represents a modification of my imstance, asarranged for lifting the dampers to produce loud effects andcontrollable either manually through suitable push buttons or throughthe tracker board.

In this form of my invention 1 represents a valve casing provided with asuction chamber, 2, adapted to be connected with the suction devices ofthe player, in this instance, by means of a relatively large pipe orpassage, 3, leading to the wind chest (not shown) which may be ofordinary construc tion, and provided with the usual feeders or pumpingbellows operated by foot pedals or by a suitable motor. The valvecasing,

is also provided on each sideof the suction chamber with-a valvechamber, 41, whiclris preferably open to the atmosphere at the top, andis provided with a normally open valve, 5, in this instance, a hingedvalve,

which is provided with means normally tending to close it. In thisinstance, I have shown the valve, 5, provided with a weight,

6, for this purpose. Each of the valve.

chambers, 1, communicates with the suction chamber by means or apassage, 7, of sub order to obviate the necessity of too great a travelfor said slide ;valves, I "prefer, to make the aperturesor passages, 7,oblong, with their greatest dlamete'r s perpendicular to the directionof travel" of theyalves,"

as shown in Figs. Qand 3. Each of the valves 1s flexibly secured to"'anactuating valve stem 9, in this instance, by means of a screw, 10,loosely engaging aperture in the valve stem, which 1s flattened in thatportion through which the screw passes, and I provide an operativeconnection between each valve 8 and its corresponding valve, 5, in whichthere is a provision for lost motion to the end'that the valve, 5, shallbe permitted to close before the valve, 8, opens the passage, 7 and bywhich the valve, 5, is positively opened after the valve, 8, is clo sedbVarious means can be employed for this purpose, but I have shown a verysimple means whichconsists in providing the valve stem, 9, with anextension, 11, projecting upwardly into position to engage the valve, 5,at the instant that the valve, 8, closes the aperture, 7, so-as toliftthe valve, 5, and place the valve chamber 4, in communication with theatmospl'iere. It follows fromthis construction that on the downwardmovement of 'the"valv e, 8, the valve, 5, will bepermitted"to'closebefore the valve, 8, opens the passage, 7, as will be readilvunderstood.

Each of the valve chambers, l, communicates by a relatively large-airpassage, with the pneumatic controlled by its valves, and, in thisinstance, I have showneach valve chamber provided with a pipe, 12, whichis connected by a tube, 13, with' a pneumatic, ll. One of thepneumatic's, 14:, is provided with a rod, 15,'operatively'connected withone section of the hammer rail, for eX- ample, the base section, and theother pneumatic, 1 1, is connected by a rod, 15?, with the other sectionof the hammer rail, as the treble section. When the valve, 5, is openthe pneumatic connected with the corresponding valve chamber will be inexpanded condition as it will beplaced in connection with theatmosphere, while thevalve, 8, closes the aperture, 7, communicatingwith the suction. The loose connection permits the valve, 8, to seataccurately and said valve will be firmly held in closed position a bythe suction.

Various means may be provided for actuating the valves, 8 and 5, eithermanually or otherwise. In the present instance, in

Fig. 1, I have shown the valve mechanism supported in a recess, 16, inthe underside of the key rail or front rail of the piano, in which it isheld, for example, by means of the screws, 17, but obviously it may belocated at any other convenient part of the structure, and the manual orother devices for actuating it may be connected 'to the 'valve stems, 9,in any desired manner; Where, as shown in Fig. 1, it is supported in thekey rail, the valve stems, 9, may be conveniently actuated by means ofpush buttons 011 the upper surface of the rail as indicated at 18 and19, saidpush outtons being-connected with rods', 20, passing through thekey rail and connected at their lower ends to the respective valvestems, 9, eachof the rods, 20, being provided with a retracting spring,21, engaging a nutor collar, 22, on the rod, 20, for example, as shownin Figs. 1 and 2.

It will be seen that a passage of relatively large cross sectional areais provided-from each of the'pneumatics, 1 1, to the suction mechanismoi' the player through the pipes, 13, passages, 7, and suction pipe, 3,the valves,-8, bemg located across said passages depressthe button, 19,manually, as indicated in Fig. 1, thereby depressing the valve stem, 9.The first effect of this is to permit the valve, 5, for thecorresponding valve chamber to close and shut ofl the communication withthe atmosphere. The it'urther movement of the valvestem, 9, opens thevalve, 8, and instantlyplaces the pneumatic in communication withsuction through a passage o f relatively large cross sectional area,thereby causing the-instantaneous collapse of thepn'eumatic and theinstantaneous operation of the part connected therewith, in thisinstance, the treble hammer rail. Inlthe same manner, the bass hammerrail canbeactuated by depressing the button, 18, and obviously- I bothhammer rails can be-inst'antaneously' and simultaneously a ndthe-valves,5, controlling the communivalve, 8, and then instantly opening thevalve, 5, placing the corresponding pneumatic in communication with theatmosphere so that it may be instantly filled with air and open, thusrestoring its connected section of the hammer rail or other part towhich it may be connected to its normal posltion. 7

Obviously if only one pneumatic is to be operated only one of the valvechambers, 4, and the associated parts is required, and my improvedcontrol device may be actuated directly by hand, or indirectly by meansof a pneumatic, which may be controlled either manually or from thetracker board, and in Fig.4, I have shown a modified form of myinvention, in this instance, arranged to operate a single pneumatic asthe pneumatic for lifting the dampers to produce loud effects, thecontrol device being arranged to be operated either by a push button, asin the form shown in Figs. 1, 2 and 3, or by a special pneumatic whichmay be actuated either by hand or from the. tracker board.

In this figure, 1*, represents the valve casing, which is provided witha suction chamher, 2', connected to the suction apparatus of the piano,as by a pipe, 3, and said valve casing is also provided with a valve.

chamber, 4*, communicating by a passage,

7*, with the suction chamber and normally open to the atmosphere at itsupper end, the

- the pneumatic,

said open end being provided with the valve, 5, in this instance,provided with the weight, 6 to assist in closing the same. The passage,7*, is controlled by the slide valve, 8, flexibly mounted on the valvestem, 9, to which it is secured by the screw, 10*, the upper end, 11 ofthe valve stem extending into position to raise the valve, 5 when thevalve, 8, is closed, and to permit the valve, 5*, to close before thevalve, 8, is opened.

The valve chamber, 4, is connected by meansof a pipe, 12", and tube,13*, with a large pneumatic, 25, connected by a rod, 26, in thisinstance, to the dampers for elevating the same when the pneumatic hascollapsed. The valve stem, 9*, is operatively connected with a pushbutton, 18 of a rod, 20, provided with a nut, 22, and retracting spring,21*, as in the form here inbefore described, which normally holdsthebutton in retracted position, and the valve stem, 9 in position to closethe valve, 8, and open the valve, 5,

The foregoing portions'of the apparatus, shown in Fig.4, aresubstantially'identical with the corresponding parts, shown in Figs. 1,2 and 3. In this instance,'I have shown a small pneumatic, 30, providedwith an arm, 31, for engaging a nut or collar, 32, on the valve stem, 9,the movable member of indicated at 30, to which the arm, 31, isconnected, being provided mally held closed by a sprlng,

' 5 and 8*, by the spring,

by means ample passage so that as before stated the with a retractingspring, 33, of greater strength than the retracting spring, 21*. Thepneumatic, 30, is connected with the suction apparatus, in any desiredway, for example,

erated valve will be provided for admitting air from the atmosphere tothe pneumatic, 30.

a In this instance, I have shown such a valve at 40, in connection witha small valve casing, 41, connected by pipes, 42 and 43, with thepneumatic, 30, the valve, 40, being nor:

' 44, and provided with an actuating button, 45. The

connection between the pneumatic, 30, and

suction will normallycause the collapse of the pneumatic, 30, and willovercome the spring, 33. By depressing the button, 45, the valve,pneumatic, atmosphere, thus permitting-the pneumatic, 30, to expandunder the action of its spring, 33, which will actuate the valve stem,9,

Where it is desired to control the pneu- 'matic, 30, manually a suitablemanually op- I 40, will be opened placing the 30, in communication withthe overcoming the weaker spring, 21, to 'close the valve, 5 and openthe Valve, 8 .in the manner hereinbefore described. The air inlet pipe,43, leading to, the pneumatic, 30, may also be placed in connectionwitha special aperture, 50, in the tracker board, in-

dicated at 51, by means of a pipe, 52, for example, the aperture, 50,being normally closed by the paper'roll. When it is desired to operatethe pneumatic,-25, a suitable aperture in the paper roll indicated at53, in. dotted lines, passing over the aperture, 50, will admit air tothe small pneumatic, 30, and permit the actuation of the valves, 33, inthe manner hereinbefore described. Obviously either one or the other ofthe manual controls or the tracker control, shown in Fig. 4, could beomitted, if desired. v

In the operation of my improved control device, the depression of thevalve stem instantaneously places the V pneumatic controlled thereby incommunication with the suction apparatus by means of a large and actionof the pneumaticis rendered instantaneously responsive and by reason ofthis large passage the movement of the air therethrough is silent, andwhistling and other noises are entirely obviated.

While I have shown my invention applied to pneumatics for controllingthe, hammer rail or rails, and for raising the dampers, it can beapplied, as Wlll be evident, to pneumatics designed for any otherpurpose, and may be constructed smgly or in multiple and operatedmanually or automatically, or

' manually and automatically as desired and V as fully set forth herein.I do not limit my- What I claim and desire; to secure by Let-.

ters Patent is: 1. In a pneumatic piano. player, the combination with apowerv pneumatic. and any air connection extending from said pneu111211310 to the suction'means forthe player, a valve casing locatedlnsaid connection and provided with a control valve aperture ;of.

unequal diameters, .and with :a .vent aperture communicatingwith theatmosphere, a controlling slide :valve normally engaging saidcontrolling valve aperture andclosingthe same, a manually operated valvestem forsaid control valve,.a vent valve for closing the vent. aperture,y elding means normally tending [to .move the vent valve-toward the ventaperture, a party connected with the. valve stem for engagingithe; vent;valve and.

holding. it in open position ,when the control valve is closed, and aspring operatively connected withthevalve stem for normally holding thecontrol. valve closed and the vent valve open, said control valveaperture havingits greatest diameter disposed perpendicularly. to thedirection of travel of the controlling slide. valve.

2. In a pneumatic plano player, theicombination with a power pneumatic,and van air connection extendingtherefrom to they suction means for theplayer, of a valve casingin said connection provided with a con-vtrolvalve aperture having unequal diameters, and providedwith a vent.aperture, a controlllng slide valve normally closlngsald controlaperture, a manually operable valve; stem flexibly connected with .saidslide valve to permit the slide valve to remain tightly closed,when inclosed. position, by suction, a spring operatively' connected with saidvalve stem for holding .the slide valve normally in closed position, avent valve for closing said vent aperture, said valve stem having a partconnected therewith" for normally holding the vent valve in openposit1on, and yielding means normally tending to move the vent valvetoward the vent aperture, said valve, control aperture having itsgreatest diameter perpendicular to the direction of movement of thecontrolling slide valve.

3. The combination with a power pneumatic, suction means for exhaustingair therefrom, and an air connection of relatively'large capacityconnecting said pneumatic and suction means, of a valve casing in saidconnection provided with a valve control aperture of substantially thesame cross sectional area as the said air connection, a controllingslide valve normally closing said aperture, said valve casingbeing-provided witha vent. aperture, a normally open vent trollingvalveand having a part engaging,

the. vent. valve and holding it open, and yielding means connected withsaid device for maintaining the, controlling valve closed and the, vent.v-alve open..

4:. The combination with a power pneumatic, suction means forexhaustingair therefrom, andfanair connection of relatively large capacityconnectingsaid pneumatic .and suction means, of a valve casing in saidconnection provided with. a valve control aperture of, substantially thesame cross sectional'area as. the said air connection,'a controllingslide valve normally clos ing said aperture, said .valve casing beingprovided with'a vent aperture, a normally open vent valve for closingsaid vent aperture, a valve stem connected with said controlling valveand having a part engaging the vent valve for holding the latter openwhen the controlling valve is closed, a spring operatively connectedwith the valve stem for moving it in a direction to close thecontrolling valve and open the vent valve, and

a manually operable device connected with said valve stem for moving itin the direction to openthe controlling valve and permit the vent valveto close.

5. The combination with a. pneumatic, suction .means for exhausting theair therefrom, and an air connection betweenv said pneumatic and suctionmeans, of .a normally closed sliding control valve for opening andclosing said connection, said connection be ing provided witha ventaperture between said control valve and said pneumatic. communicatingwith the atmosphere, a normally open vent valve for closing saidaperture, means normally tending. to close the vent valve, alongitudinally movable actuating stem for the control valve having apart for engaging the vent valve and opening it after the control valveis completely closed, said part being capable of movement away from itsoperative position with respect tothe vent valve before the controlvalve is opened, to permit the vent valve to close,.yielding means forholding thecontrol valve normally inclosed position, and means includinga manually operated device connected with the valve stemfor moving it inthe direction to open the control valve.

6. The combination with a pneumatic, suction means for exhausting theair therefrom and an air connection between said pneumatic and'suctionmeans, of a normally closed sliding control valve for opening andclosing said connection, said connection being provided with a ventaperture between said control valve and said pneumatic, communicatingwith the atmosphere, a normally open gravity vent valve adapted to beclosed by gravity, a vertically disposed actuating stem connected withsaid control valve and having a part extending into position to envalveand open the vent valve, and means ineluding a manually operated devicefor moving sald stem in the opposite direction to permit the vent valveto close and thereafter open the control valve.

7 The combination with a pneumatic, suction means for exhausting the airtherefrom, and an air connection of relatively large cross sectionalarea between said pneumatic and suction means, of a normally closedcontrolling valve for said connection, said connection being providedwith a vent aperture between said control valve and the pneumatic, anormally open vent valve for closing said vent aperture, a valve stemfor said control valve provided with a part normally engaging the ventvalve and holding it open, a spring operatively connected with saidvalve stem for holding the control valve closed and the vent valve open,a pneumatic actuating device operatively connected with said valve stem,an air connection of relatively small cross sectional area extendingfrom sald pneumatic actuating deviceto said suction means, and manuallyoperated means for establishing communication between said pneumaticactuating device and theatmosphere. p

8. The combination with a pneumatic, suction means for exhausting theair therefrom, and an air connection of relatively large cross sectionalarea between saidpneumatic and suction means, of a normally closedcontrolling valve for said connection, said connection being providedwith a vent aperture between said control valve and the pneumatic, anormally openvent valve for closing said 'vent aperture, a valve stemfor said control valve provided with a part normally engaging the ventvalve and holding it open, a spring operatively connected with saidvalve stem for holding the control valve closed and the vent valve open,a pneumatic actuating device operatively connected wlth said valve stem,an air connection of relatively small cross sectional area extendingfrom said pneumatic actuating device to said suction means, a trackerboard, an air connection from said pneumatic actuating device to anaperture in the tracker board, and 7 an independent manually operabledevice for effecting the actuation of said valves independently ofthetracker board.

9. Thecombination with a pneumatic, suction means for exhausting the airtherefrom, and an air connection of relatively large the vent valve andhold it ally operable cross sectional area between said pneumatic andsuction means, of a normally closed controlling valve for saidconnection, said connection being provided with a vent aperture betweensaid control valve and the pneumatic, a normally open vent valve forclosing said vent aperture, a valve stem for said control valve providedwith a part normally engaging the vent valve and holding it open, aspring operatively connected with said valve stem for holding thecontrol valve closed and the vent valve open, a pneumatic actuatingdevice operatively connected with said valve stem, an air connection ofrelatively small cross sectional area extending from said pneumaticactuating device to said suction means, and an independent manuallyoperable valve for actuating said pneumatic actuating deviceindependently of the tracker board.

10. The combination with a pneumatic, suction means for exhausting theair therefrom, and an air connection between said pneumatic and suctionmeans, of a normally closed control valve for said connection, saidconnection being provided with a vent aperture between sa1d controlvalve and said pneumatic, communicating with the atmosphere, a normallyopen vent valve for closing said vent aperture, a pneumatic actuatingdevice for both of said valves, connections between said pneumaticactuating device and said valves including means for efi'ecting theclosing of the vent valve before the opening of the control valve, andthe opening of the vent valve afterlthe closing of the control valve, anair connection between said pneumatic actuating device and said suctionmeans, a tracker board and an air connection from said pneumatic valveactuating device to an aperture in .the tracker board, and anindependent manudevice for actuating said valves independently of thetracker board.

11. The combination with a pneumatic, suction means for exhaustingtheair therefromand'an air connection between said pneumatic and suctionmeans, of a normally closed control valve for said connection, saidconnection being provided with a vent aperture between sa d controlvalve and said pneumat1c commun catlng wlth the atmosan air connectionfrom said pneumatic valve actuating device to an aperture in the trackerboard, a secondary air connection from said valve actuating pneumatic tothe atmosphere, and a manually controlled normally closed valve forsaid. secondary air connection.

12. The combination With a pneumatic,

suction means for exhausting the air therefrom, and an air connectionbetween said pneumatic and suction means, of a valve casing forming partof said air connection, and provided With a port in communication Withthe suction means, and also provided With a vent aperture communicatingWith the atmosphere, a sliding valve in said casing for normally closingsaid port, a normally open vent valve for closing said vent aperture,yielding means operative to close said vent valve, a valve stemconnected.

With said sliding control valve and having vent valve and the opening ofthe control valve.

13. The combination With a pneumatic,

suction means for exhausting the air there- I from, and an airconnection between said pneumatic and suction means, of a valve casingforming part of said air connection, and PI'OVldGClWltll a port incommunication 5 With the suct on means, and also provided With a ventaperture communicating With the atmosphere, a sliding valve in sa dcasing for normally closing said port, a norv mally open vent valve forclosing said vent aperture, yielding means operative to close said ventvalve, a valve stem connected Wltll said sliding control valve, andhaving a part i for engaglng the vent valve to open t after the controlvalve is'closed, and to hold it ;normally in open position, yieldingmeans connected With said valve stein to normally hold the control valveclosed, and the vent valve open, a pneumatic device operativelyconnected With said valve stem for moving it againstthe action of saidyielding means, an air connection from. said pneumatic actuating deviceto said suction means, an air vent connection from said pneumatic to thefrom, and an air connection between said pneumatic and suction means, ofa valve casmg forming part of said air connection, and provided With aport in communicatlon With the suction means and also provided With avent aperture communicating With the atmosphere, a sl1d1ng valve in saldcasing 'for normally closing said port, a normally open vent valve forclosing said vent aperture, yielding means operative to close said ventvalve, a valve stem connected With said slide ing, control valve andhaving a part for envgaging'the vent valve to open it-after the controlvalve is closed and to hold itcno'r mally in open position, yieldingmeans con nected With said valve stem to normally hold the control valveclosed, and the vent valve open, a pneumatic device operatively connected With said valve stem" formoving it against the action of saidyielding means, an air connection from said pneumatic actuating deviceto said suction means, an air vent. connection, from said pneumatic tothe atmosphere, means for opening and closing said vent connection, andan independent manually operated device connected With said valve stem.

15. The combination With a pneumatic, suction means for exhausting theair there from, and an air connection between said pneumatic and suctionmeans, of a valve casing forming part of said 'air connection,

- and provided With a port in communication with the suction means, andalso provided With a vent aperture communicating With the atmosphere, aslidingvalve in said casing for normally closing said port, a normallyopen vent valve fOfClOSll'lg said vent aperture, yielding meansoperative to close said vent valve, a valve stem connected with saidsliding control valve and having a part for engaging the vent valve toopenit after 'the control valve is closed, and to hold it normally in,open position, yielding'means connected with said valvejstem to normallyhold thecontrol valve 'closed,,. and the vent valve open, a pneumatic.device operatively connected with said valve stem for moving it againstthe action of said yielding means, an air connection from said pneumaticactuating' device to said suction means, a tracker board, an air ventconnection from said actuating pneumatic .to an aperture in ,'thetracker board.

. 16. The combination With a pneumatic,

. suction means forexhausting the 'airthere-v from, and an airconnection between said pneumatic and suction means, of a valve casingforming part of said air connection, and provided With a portin-communication 7 With the suction means, and also provided atmosphere,and means for opening and vent valve, a valve-stem connected With saidsliding control valve and having a part for engaging the ventvalve toopen it after the control valve is closed, and to hold it normally inopen position, yielding means connected With said valve stem to normallyhold the control valve closed, and the vent valve open, a pneumaticdevice operatively connected with said valve stem for moving it againstthe action of said yielding means, an air connection from said pneumaticactuating device to said suction means, a tracker board, an air ventconnection from said actuating pneumatic to an aperture in the trackerboard, and a manually operated device for efiecting the operation ofsaid valve stem independently of the tracker board.

17. The combination with a pneumatic, suction means for exhausting theair therefrom, and an air connection between said pneumatic and suctionmeans, of a valve casing forming part of said air connection, andprovided with a port in communication with the suction means, and alsoprovided with a vent aperture communicating with the atmosphere, asliding valve in said casing for normally closing said port, a normallyopen vent valve for closing said vent aperture,

yielding means operative to close said vent valve, a valve stemconnected with said sliding control valve and having a part for engagingthe vent valve to open it after the control valve is closed, and to holdit normally in open position, yielding means connected with said valvestem. to normally hold the control valve closed, and the vent valveopen, a pneumatic device operatively connected with said valve stem formoving it against the action of said yielding means, an air connectionfrom said pneumatic actuating device to said suction means, a trackerboard, an air vent connection from said actuating pneumatic to anaperture in the tracker board, a secondary air vent connection from thesaid actuating pneumatic, a manually operated normally closed valve forsaid secondary air vent, and an independent manually operated deviceconnected with the said valve stem.

In testimony whereof I aifix my signature.

FRANK CARNAHAN.

Copies of this patent may be obtained for five cents each, by addressingthe Commissioner of Patents,

Washington, I). C.

